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Equine

Disease Quarterly - July 2014

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Gluck Center > Services > Library

and Information Services > Bibliographies > EHV-1

Diseases of the Horse Caused by

Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 (EHV-1) - A Bibliography of Source

Materials

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I.

Brief Overview

A.

Introduction

Of

all the infectious viral diseases recognized in horses,

those caused by equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) (Fig

1) are among the most costly to the equine industry.

EHV-1 is unique in its ability to target and attack three

separate organ systems of the horse (respiratory, reproductive,

and central nervous systems), giving rise to large-scale

outbreaks with any permutation of respiratory tract disease,

abortion, neonatal mortality, and a paralytic neurological

disease. All four EHV-1 disease manifestations continue

to plague the equine breeding industry with insidious and

cumulatively immense economic and animal welfare losses

despite many years of research and the widespread use of

numerous vaccines. Clearly, there is much about these herpesvirus

diseases yet to be learned before they can be brought under

an acceptable level of control, and continued research

on EHV-1 has, therefore, been an international equine health

priority for many years.

EHV-1

is deeply entrenched within the world’s horse population

as inapparent, latent infections (silent carriers). The

capacity of EHV-1 to persist in the body of the horse in

a dormant, but potentially reactivatable, state after recovery

from a primary infection provides an inexhaustible and

globally distributed biological reservoir of the virus

for continuous transmission of infection among adult horses

and to new generations of young horses (Fig 2).

Figure

1. Electron photomicrograph of equine herpesvirus type

1.

(click for larger image)

Figure 2. Epidemiological

cycle of EHV-1 infections, illustrating the central role of latently

infected carrier horses as biological reservoirs from which the virus

is perpetually transmitted to new generations of equine hosts.

(click for larger image)

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B.

EHV-1 Respiratory Disease

EHV-1

is among the large spectrum of respiratory pathogens capable

of causing clinically significant upper respiratory tract

disease in the domestic horse. EHV-1 respiratory disease

is associated with destructive infection of the upper airway

epithelium and is a condition seen primarily in young horses.

A febrile episode accompanied by bilateral nasal discharge,

inappetence and depression is the common clinical presentation

(Fig 3). While the majority of such respiratory

infections by EHV-1 are subclinical or mild in nature,

the herpesvirus has the potential for causing widespread

outbreaks of severe upper respiratory tract disease. The

greatest burden of herpesvirus respiratory disease is borne

by young horses, with the window of highest risk between

weaning and 3 years of age. In two- and three-year-old

horses in training or on the racing circuit, in which horses

from diverse origins are housed together in enclosed, confined

spaces such as race or show barns, outbreaks of viral respiratory

disease are common. Epidemics of EHV-1 upper respiratory

tract disease have been described in such settings with

some outbreaks resulting in neurological sequelae. Quantitatively,

herpesvirus outbreaks generally take second place to equine

influenza as a significant threat for acute respiratory

disease in two- and three-year-olds. Previously exposed

horses older than 3 years of age continue to show serological

evidence of periodic re-infection by EHV-1 throughout their

lifetimes with only minimal and transient clinical signs

of respiratory tract infection. In such animals, however,

the risks for the more serious sequelae of abortion and/or

neurological disease following subclinical respiratory

infection by EHV-1 continue to exist.

Figure

3. Nasal

discharge in a weanling foal with febrile EHV-1 respiratory

tract infection.

(click for larger image)

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C.

EHV-1 Abortion

Abortion

in broodmares caused by infection of the fetus with EHV-1

is among the most widespread and economically important,

infectious disease problems of the horse (Fig 4).

Partial success at controlling the economic losses attributable

to EHV-1 has been achieved, after many years of effort,

by programs of intensive annual vaccinations. Mares infected

with EHV-1 abort precipitously with no impending signs,

and evidence of the previous respiratory tract infection

is usually not observed. The placenta is expelled along

with the fetus that is often still enveloped in its amniotic

membrane. At the time of abortion, the fetus has usually

just died from asphyxia associated with sudden separation

of the placenta from the endometrium that precedes fetal

expulsion. The aborted fetus possesses high levels of virus

and extensive histopathological evidence of multi-organ

infection. Almost all EHV-1 abortions occur during the

last four months of gestation. Most abortion occurrences

associated with EHV-1 infection involve only one or two

mares in a group. However, epidemic abortigenic disease

(abortion storms) claiming high percentages of the potential

foal crop also occurs. Once a mare has aborted, her future

reproductive potential is not compromised; most mares conceive

successfully shortly after abortion and foal normally the

following year.

Figure

4. Equine

fetus aborted as a result of infection by equine herpesvirus-1.

The fetus is still attached to the placenta and enclosed

in its amnion.

(click for larger image)

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D.

EHV-1 Neurological Disease

The

clinical outcome of EHV-1 infection that carries the most

dramatic negative consequences for the welfare of horses

is the dreaded neurological disease. Once regarded as a

rare and sporadic occurrence, the malady has in recent

years been observed with increasing and alarming frequency.

Common to all horses with EHV-1 associated central nervous

system disease are a weakness and paralysis of the muscles

of the hind limbs that give rise to incoordination, gait

abnormalities and, in many cases, the inability to rise

from the sitting position (Fig 5). The

neurologic deficits result from a thrombotic, ischemic

inflammation of small blood vessels in the spinal cord

and/or brain. The interval between initial EHV-1 infection

of the respiratory tract and the subsequent onset of neurological

signs is 8 to 12 days. The neurological deficits appear

suddenly and reach their peak intensity within 48 hours.

The disease is resistant to vaccination, the clinical attack

rate is high, and large numbers of fatalities are the rule.

The prognosis for non-recumbent horses is favorable, but

is poor for animals that remain down for longer than 24

hours.

A

major advance in understanding the mechanistic basis of

EHV-1 paralytic disease was the recent discovery that a

single gene alteration – a mutated version of the

viral gene that encodes its replicative polymerase – endows

such mutant virus strains with enhanced virulence for the

horse. This discovery that a single gene of EHV-1 plays

such a prominent role in the viral attribute of hypervirulence

has led to a genetic test for identifying latent equine

carriers of mutant, neuropathogenic strains of EHV-1.

Figure

5. (video).

Neurological manifestation of infection of a horse by a

hypervirulent, mutant strain of EHV-1 (neuropathogenic

strain). The horse has lost the use of muscles in its hind

limbs and is unable to stand.

(click

for on image to view video)

Requires

Windows Media Player

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E.

EHV-1 Disease in Newborn Foals

Occasionally,

foals infected with EHV-1 are born at term but are either

obviously sick at birth or become ill within one or two

days of parturition. Typically, the clinical progression

of the disease is rapid and the fatal outcome unaffected

by intensive, supportive veterinary care. The foals fail

to nurse, become lethargic, pyrexic, leukopenic, hypoxic,

and exhibit severe respiratory distress. Congenital EHV-1

infection can be epidemic in nature and may occur either

in association with an outbreak of abortion or without

concurrent abortion or obvious respiratory disease in

the dams. It is uncertain whether such foals are infected

in utero with EHV-1 or acquire a rapid, post-parturient

infection from their dams. In either case, viral pneumonia

quickly manifests and nearly always leads to respiratory

failure and death within a few days (Fig 6).

Figure 6. Full

term, newborn foal infected with EHV-1 and exhibiting

respiratory distress. Clinical deterioration in congenitally

infected newborn foals occurs rapidly, and the prognosis

is always grave.

(click

for larger image)

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F.

Prevention and Control of EHV-1 Diseases

The

two mainstays for minimizing the economic and equine

welfare burden caused by infection with EHV-1 are prophylactic vaccination and

careful attention to sound herd-management practices.

Vaccination against

EHV-1 is recommended as part of the preventive, herd-health

program for all horses at risk for acquiring infection.

More than a dozen commercially manufactured vaccines

(both inactivated and attenuated-live) are currently

marketed for use in controlling abortion and respiratory

disease caused by EHV-1. No current vaccine has been

demonstrated to protect against the neurological manifestation

of EHV-1 infection. When used as an adjunct to sound

management practices, vaccination can be effective in

modulating the severity of EHV-1 respiratory disease

in young stock and in limiting the occurrence and severity

of abortion storms in broodmares (Fig 7).

Annual re-boosting with multiple doses of the vaccines

is required for optimal results.

Figure 7. Annual

incidence of EHV-1 abortion in Kentucky’s Thoroughbred

broodmare population between 1957 and 2003. Widespread

vaccination for the disease began in 1981.

(click

for larger image)

A

number of empirically established, herd management

procedures have emerged as being effective for

reducing the risk of large-scale, farm-wide outbreaks of

EHV-1 disease. Management recommendations are based on

the practices of (1) subdivision of the at-risk population

of horses on the premises into smaller groups; (2) the

maintenance of those sub- groups as closed, physically

isolated units; and, (3) the minimalization of stress caused

to horses by crowding, poor nutritional state, heavy parasite

infestation, lengthy transport, disruption of established

social groups, inclement weather, en masse weaning,

etc. For maximal effectiveness, group size should be as

small as the physical facilities will reasonably allow,

with each group kept under conditions that limit the transmission

of virus between established groups. Restrictions should

be placed on movement of horses into and out of each established

group, and contact with transient horses should be avoided.

The addition of any new horse into a closed group should

be preceded by a 21-day period of isolation.

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of page

II. Bibliography

Reviews

& Overviews | | | | | | |

|Therapy

& Management |

A. Reviews

and Overviews

1. van Maanen, C. Equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 infections:

an update. Veterinary Quarterly. 2002; 24( 2):58-78; ISSN:

0165-2176. Abstract.

2. Allen, G. P; Kydd, J. H; Slater, J. D, and Smith, K.

C. Equid herpesvirus 1 and equid herpesvirus 4 infections.

Infectious Diseases of Livestock. 2004; 2(Ed.2):829-859.

3. Reed, S. M and Toribio, R. E. Equine herpesvirus 1

and 4. Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice.

2004; 20(3):631-642; ISSN: 0749-0739. Abstract.

4. Patel, J. R and Heldens, J. Equine herpesviruses 1

(EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4)--epidemiology, disease and immunoprophylaxis:

a brief review. Veterinary Journal. 2005; 170(1):14-23;

ISSN: 1090-0233. Abstract.

5. Smith, K. Equine herpesviruses 1 and 4: creeping to

a solution. Veterinary Journal. 2005; 170(1):6-7; ISSN:

1090-0233.

6. Borchers, K.; Thein, R., and Sterner Kock, A. Pathogenesis of equine herpesvirus-associated neurological disease: a revised explanation. Equine Veterinary Journal. 2006; 38(3):283-287; ISSN: 0425-1644.

7. Field, H. J; Biswas, S., and Mohammad, I. T. Herpesvirus latency and therapy--from a veterinary perspective. Antiviral Research. 2006; 71(2-3):127-133; ISSN: 0166-3542. Abstract.

8. Kydd, J. H.; Townsend, H. G., and Hannant, D. The equine immune response to equine herpesvirus-1: the virus and its vaccines. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2006; 111(1-2):15-30; ISSN: 0165-2427. Abstract.

9. van der Meulen, K. M.; Favoreel, H. W.; Pensaert, M. B., and Nauwynck, H. J. Immune escape of equine herpesvirus 1 and other herpesviruses of veterinary importance. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2006; 111(1-2):31-40; ISSN: 0165-2427. Abstract.

B. Epidemiology

1. Friday, P. A; Scarratt, W. K; Elvinger, F.; Timoney,

P. J, and Bonda, A. Ataxia and paresis with equine herpesvirus

type 1 infection in a herd of riding school horses. Journal

of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2000; 14(2):197-201; ISSN:

0891-6640. Abstract.

2. Gilkerson, J. R; Love, D. N, and Whalley, J. M. Incidence

of equine herpesvirus 1 infection in thoroughbred weanlings

on two stud farms. Australian Veterinary Journal. 2000;

78(4):277-278; ISSN: 0005-0423. Full

text.

3. Schroer, U.; Lange, A.; Glatzel, P.; Ludwig, H., and

Borchers, K. Die Bedeutung der Infektion mit dem equinen

Herpesvirus Typ 1 (EHV-1) in einem deutschen Vollblutgestut:

Impfung, Abortgeschehen und Diagnostik [The relevance of

equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) infection in a German thoroughbred

stud: vaccination, abortion and diagnostics]. Berliner

Und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift. 2000; 113(2):53-59. Abstract.

4. van Maanen, C.; Sloet van Oldruitenborgh Oosterbaan,

M. M; Damen, E. A, and Derksen, A. G. Neurological disease

associated with EHV-1-infection in a riding school: clinical

and virological characteristics. Equine Veterinary Journal.

2001; 33(2):191-196; ISSN: 0425-1644. Abstract.

5. Allen, G. P. Epidemic disease caused by equine herpesvirus-1:

recommendations for prevention and control. Equine Veterinary

Education (British Edition). 2002; 14(3):136-142; ISSN:

0957-7734.

6. Stierstorfer, B.; Eichhorn, W.; Schmahl, W.; Brandmuller,

C.; Kaaden, O. R, and Neubauer, A. Equine herpesvirus type

1 (EHV-1) myeloencephalopathy: a case report. Journal of

Veterinary Medicine. B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary

Public Health. 2002; 49(1):37-41; ISSN: 0931-1793. Abstract.

7. Taouji, S.; Collobert, C.; Gicquel, B.; Sailleau,

C.; Brisseau, N.; Moussu, C.; Breuil, M. F; Pronost, S.;

Borchers, K., and Zientara, S. Detection and isolation

of equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 from horses in Normandy:

an autopsy study of tissue distribution in relation to

vaccination status. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. B,

Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health. 2002;

49(8):394-399; ISSN: 0931-1793. Abstract.

8. Allen, G.P.; Powell, D. Equine herpesvirus neurological

disease in the USA and United Kingdom. Equine Disease Quarterly.

2003; 12(3):2-3. Full

text.

9. Cardwell, J.; Smith, K.; Newton, R.; Blunden, T.; Bestbier,

M., and Whitwell, K. EHV paralytic disease in the south

of England. Veterinary Record . 2003; 152(14):441-442;

ISSN: 0042-4900.

10. Foote, C. E; Gilkerson, J. R; Whalley, J. M, and Love,

D. N . Seroprevalence of equine herpesvirus 1 in mares

and foals on a large Hunter Valley stud farm in years pre-

and postvaccination. Australian Veterinary Journal. 2003;

81(5):283-288; ISSN: 0005-0423. Full

text.

11. Studdert, M. J; Hartley, C. A; Dynon, K.; Sandy,

J. R; Slocombe, R. F; Charles, J. A; Milne, M. E; Clarke,

A. F, and El Hage, C. Outbreak of equine herpesvirus type

1 myeloencephalitis: new insights from virus identification

by PCR and the application of an EHV-1-specific antibody

detection ELISA. Veterinary Record. 2003; 153(14):417-423;

ISSN: 0042-4900. Abstract.

12. Allen, G. P; Kydd, J. H; Slater, J. D, and Smith,

K. C. Equid herpesvirus 1 and equid herpesvirus 4 infections.

Infectious Diseases of Livestock. 2004; 2(Ed.2):829-859.

13. Foote, C. E.; Love, D. N.; Gilkerson, J. R., and Whalley, J. M. Detection of EHV-1 and EHV-4 DNA in unweaned Thoroughbred foals from vaccinated mares on a large stud farm. Equine Veterinary Journal. 2004; 36(4):341-345; ISSN: 0425-1644. Abstract.

14. Molinkova, D. ; Celer, V. Jr, and Jahn, P. Isolation

and partial characterization of equine herpesvirus type

1 in Czechia. Folia Microbiologica. 2004; 49(5):605-611;

ISSN: 0015-5632. Abstract.

15. Goehring, L. S; van Maanen, C., and Sloet van Oldruitenborgh

Oosterbaan, M. M. Neurological syndromes among horses in

The Netherlands. A 5 year retrospective survey (1999-2004).

Veterinary Quarterly. 2005; 27(1):11-20; ISSN: 0165-2176. Full

text.

16. Patel, J. R and Heldens, J. Equine herpesviruses

1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4)--epidemiology, disease and immunoprophylaxis:

a brief review. Veterinary Journal. 2005; 170(1):14-23;

ISSN: 1090-0233. Full

text.

17. Bell, S. A.; Balasuriya, U. B.; Gardner, I. A.; Barry, P. A.; Wilson, W. D.; Ferraro, G. L., and MacLachlan, N. J. Temporal detection of equine herpesvirus infections of a cohort of mares and their foals. Veterinary Microbiology. 2006; 116(4):249-257; ISSN: 0378-1135. Abstract.

18. Foote, C. E.; Love, D. N.; Gilkerson, J. R.; Wellington, J. E., and Whalley, J. M. EHV-1 and EHV-4 infection in vaccinated mares and their foals. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2006; 111(1-2):41-46; ISSN: 0165-2427. Abstract.

19. Goehring, L. S.; van Winden, S. C.; van Maanen, C., and Sloet van Oldruitenborgh Oosterbaan, M. M. Equine herpesvirus type 1-associated myeloencephalopathy in The Netherlands: a four-year retrospective study (1999-2003). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2006; 20(3):601-607; ISSN: 0891-6640. Abstract.

20. Kydd, J. H and Smith, K. C. Equine herpesvirus neurologic disease: reflections from across the pond. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2006; 20(3):467-468; ISSN: 0891-6640.

21. Martinez, J. P.; Martin Ocampos, G. P.; Fernandez, L. C.; Fuentealba, N. A.; Cid de la Paz, V.; Barrandeguy, M., and Galosi, C. M. Detection of equine herpesvirus 1 genome 1B in Argentina. Revue Scientifique et Technique. 2006; 25(3):1075-1079; ISSN: 0253-1933. Full text (pdf).

22. Nugent, J.; Birch Machin, I.; Smith, K. C.; Mumford, J. A.; Swann, Z.; Newton, J. R.; Bowden, R. J.; Allen, G. P., and Davis Poynter, N. Analysis of equid herpesvirus 1 strain variation reveals a point mutation of the DNA polymerase strongly associated with neuropathogenic versus nonneuropathogenic disease outbreaks. Journal of Virology. 2006; 80(8):4047-4060; ISSN: 0022-538X. Full text.

23. Henninger, R. W.; Reed, S. M.; Saville, W. J.; Allen, G. P.; Hass, G. F.; Kohn, C. W., and Sofaly, C. Outbreak of neurologic disease caused by equine herpesvirus-1 at a university equestrian center. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2007; 21(1):157-165; ISSN: 0891-6640. Abstract.

C. Pathogenesis

1. Allen, G. A Portrait of the Pathogenesis of Equine

Herpesvirus Abortion, Equine Disease Quarterly, October

1998, Vol 7 (#1), p 3-4. Full

text.

2. Csellner, H.; Walker, C.; Wellington, J. E; McLure,

L. E; Love, D. N, and Whalley, J. M. EHV-1 glycoprotein

D (EHV-1 gD) is required for virus entry and cell-cell

fusion, and an EHV-1 gD deletion mutant induces a protective

immune response in mice. Archives of Virology. 2000; 145(11):2371-2385;

ISSN: 0304-8608. Abstract.

3. Del Piero, F. ; Wilkins, P. A; Timoney, P. J; Kadushin,

J.; Vogelbacker, H.; Lee, J. W; Berkowitz, S. J, and La

Perle, K. M. Fatal nonneurological EHV-1 infection in a

yearling filly. Veterinary Pathology. 2000; 37(6):672-676;

ISSN: 0300-9858. Full

text.

4. Smith, K. C; Whitwell, K. E; Mumford, J. A; Hannant,

D.; Blunden, A. S, and Tearle, J. P. Virulence of the V592

isolate of equid herpesvirus-1 in ponies. Journal of Comparative

Pathology. 2000; 122(4):288-297; ISSN: 0021-9975. Abstract.

5. Smith, P. M; Zhang, Y.; Grafton, W. D; Jennings, S.

R, and O'Callaghan, D. J. Severe murine lung immunopathology

elicited by the pathogenic equine herpesvirus 1 strain

RacL11 correlates with early production of macrophage inflammatory

proteins 1alpha, 1beta, and 2 and tumor necrosis factor

alpha. Journal of Virology. 2000; 74(21):10034-10040; ISSN:

0022-538X. Full

text.

6. Granzow, H.; Klupp, B. G; Fuchs, W.; Veits, J.; Osterrieder,

N., and Mettenleiter, T. C. Egress of alphaherpesviruses:

comparative ultrastructural study. Journal of Virology.

2001; 75(8):3675-3684; ISSN: 0022-538X. Full

text.

7. Smith, D.; Hamblin, A., and Edington, N. Infection

of endothelial cells with equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1)

occurs where there is activation of putative adhesion molecules:

a mechanism for transfer of virus. Equine Veterinary Journal.

2001; 33(2):138-142; ISSN: 0425-1644. Abstract.

8. Smith, K. C and Borchers, K. A study of the pathogenesis

of equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) abortion by DNA in-situ

hybridization. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 2001;

125(4):304-310; ISSN: 0021-9975. Abstract.

9. Frampton, A. R Jr; Smith, P. M; Zhang, Y.; Matsumura,

T.; Osterrieder, N., and O'Callaghan, D. J. Contribution

of gene products encoded within the unique short segment

of equine herpesvirus 1 to virulence in a murine model.

Virus Research. 2002; 90(1-2):287-301; ISSN: 0168-1702. Abstract.

10. Smith, D.; Hamblin, A., and Edington, N. Equid herpesvirus

1 infection of endothelial cells requires activation of

putative adhesion molecules: an in vitro model. Clinical

and Experimental Immunology. 2002; 129(2):281-287; ISSN:

0009-9104. Abstract.

11. Taouji, S.; Collobert, C.; Gicquel, B.; Sailleau,

C.; Brisseau, N.; Moussu, C.; Breuil, M. F; Pronost, S.;

Borchers, K., and Zientara, S. Detection and isolation

of equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 from horses in Normandy:

an autopsy study of tissue distribution in relation to

vaccination status. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. B,

Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health. 2002;

49(8):394-399; ISSN: 0931-1793. Abstract.

12. Albrecht, R. A; Jang, H. K; Kim, S. K, and O'Callaghan,

D. J. Direct interaction of TFIIB and the IE protein of

equine herpesvirus 1 is required for maximal trans-activation

function. Virology. 2003; 316(2):302-312; ISSN: 0042-6822. Abstract.

13. Kirisawa, R. ; Kobayashi, T.; Uematsu, R.; Ikeda,

A.; Kuroiwa, R.; Urakami, A., and Iwai, H. Growth of recombinant

equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) replaced with passage-induced

mutant gene 1 and gene 71 derived from an attenuated EHV-1

in cell cultures and in the lungs of mice. Veterinary Microbiology.

2003; 95(3):159-174; ISSN: 0378-1135. Abstract.

14. Rappocciolo, G.; Birch, J., and Ellis, S. A. Down-regulation

of MHC class I expression by equine herpesvirus-1. Journal

of General Virology. 2003; 84(Pt 2):293-300; ISSN: 0022-1317. Full

text.

15. Szeredi, L.; Palfi, V., and Molnar, T. Comparison

of methods for the diagnosis of equine herpesvirus type

1 infection. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica. 2003; 51(2):153-163;

ISSN: 0236-6290. Abstract.

16. Tearle, J. P ; Smith, K. C; Platt, A. J; Hannant,

D.; Davis Poynter, N. J, and Mumford, J. A. In vitro characterisation

of high and low virulence isolates of equine herpesvirus-1

and -4. Research in Veterinary Science. 2003; 75(1):83-86;

ISSN: 0034-5288. Abstract.

17. Zhang, Y.; Smith, P. M; Frampton, A. R; Osterrieder,

N.; Jennings, S. R, and O'Callaghan, D. J. Cytokine profiles

and long-term virus-specific antibodies following immunization

of CBA mice with equine herpesvirus 1 and viral glycoprotein

D. Viral Immunology. 2003; 16(3):307-320; ISSN: 0882-8245. Abstract.

18. Allen, G. Equine rhinopneumonitis. In. OIE Manual

of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals.

5th ed. Paris: OIE; 2004;(Chapt. 2.5.7): pp. 707-716. Full

text.

19. Ibrahim, el S. M.; Pagmajav, O.; Yamaguchi, T.; Matsumura,

T., and Fukushi, H. Growth and virulence alterations of

equine herpesvirus 1 by insertion of a green fluorescent

protein gene in the intergenic region between ORFs 62 and

63. Microbiology and Immunology. 2004; 48(11):831-842;

ISSN: 0385-5600. Full

text.

20. Neubauer, A. and Osterrieder, N. Equine herpesvirus

type 1 (EHV-1) glycoprotein K is required for efficient

cell-to-cell spread and virus egress. Virology. 2004; 329(1):18-32;

ISSN: 0042-6822. Abstract.

21. von Einem, J.; Wellington, J.; Whalley, J. M; Osterrieder,

K.; O'Callaghan, D. J, and Osterrieder, N. The truncated

form of glycoprotein gp2 of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1)

vaccine strain KyA is not functionally equivalent to full-length

gp2 encoded by EHV-1 wild-type strain RacL11. Journal of

Virology. 2004; 78( 6):3003-3013; ISSN: 0022-538X. Full

text.

22. Frampton, A. R Jr; Goins, W. F; Cohen, J. B; von

Einem, J. ; Osterrieder, N.; O'Callaghan, D. J, and Glorioso,

J. C. Equine herpesvirus 1 utilizes a novel herpesvirus

entry receptor. Journal of Virology. 2005; 79(5):3169-3173;

ISSN: 0022-538X. Full

text.

23. Goehring, L. S; van Maanen, C., and Sloet van Oldruitenborgh

Oosterbaan, M. M. Neurological syndromes among horses in

The Netherlands. A 5 year retrospective survey (1999-2004).

Veterinary Quarterly. 2005; 27(1):11-20; ISSN: 0165-2176. Full

text.

24. Pagamjav, O. ; Sakata, T.; Matsumura, T.; Yamaguchi,

T., and Fukushi, H. Natural recombinant between equine

herpesviruses 1 and 4 in the ICP4 gene. Microbiology and

Immunology. 2005; 49(2):167-179; ISSN: 0385-5600. Full

text.

25. Smith, P. M; Kahan, S. M; Rorex, C. B; von Einem,

J.; Osterrieder, N., and O'Callaghan, D. J. Expression

of the full-length form of gp2 of equine herpesvirus 1

(EHV-1) completely restores respiratory virulence to the

attenuated EHV-1 strain KyA in CBA mice. Journal of Virology.

2005; 79(8):5105-5115; ISSN: 0022-538X. Full

text.

26. Allen, G. P. and Breathnach, C. C. Quantification by real-time PCR of the magnitude and duration of leucocyte-associated viraemia in horses infected with neuropathogenic vs. non-neuropathogenic strains of EHV-1. Equine Veterinary Journal. 2006; 38(3):252-257; ISSN: 0425-1644. Abstract.

27. Borchers, K.; Thein, R., and Sterner Kock, A. Pathogenesis of equine herpesvirus-associated neurological disease: a revised explanation. Equine Veterinary Journal. 2006; 38(3):283-287; ISSN: 0425-1644.

28.

Chiam, R.; Smid, L.; Kydd, J. H.; Smith, K. C.; Platt, A., and Davis Poynter, N. J. Use of polarised equine endothelial cell cultures and an in vitro thrombosis model for potential characterisation of EHV-1 strain variation. Veterinary Microbiology. 2006; 113(3-4):243-249; ISSN: 0378-1135. Abstract.

29. Galosi, C. M.; Barbeito, C. G.; Martin Ocampos, G. P.; Martinez, J. P.; Ayala, M. A.; Corva, S. G.; Fuentealba, N. A., and Gimeno, E. J. An Argentine equine herpesvirus strain with special restriction patterns protect mice challenged with a pathogenic strain. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. B. Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health. 2006; 53(9):412-417; ISSN: 0931-1793. Abstract.

30. Nugent, J.; Birch Machin, I.; Smith, K. C.; Mumford, J. A.; Swann, Z.; Newton, J. R.; Bowden, R. J.; Allen, G. P., and Davis Poynter, N. Analysis of equid herpesvirus 1 strain variation reveals a point mutation of the DNA polymerase strongly associated with neuropathogenic versus nonneuropathogenic disease outbreaks. Journal of Virology. 2006; 80(8):4047-4060; ISSN: 0022-538X. Full text.

31. von Einem, J.; Schumacher, D.; O'Callaghan, D. J., and Osterrieder, N. The alpha-TIF (VP16) homologue (ETIF) of equine herpesvirus 1 is essential for secondary envelopment and virus egress. Journal of Virology. 2006; 80(6):2609-2620; ISSN: 0022-538X. Full text.

32. Ibrahim, E. S.; Kinoh, M.; Matsumura, T.; Kennedy, M.; Allen, G. P.; Yamaguchi, T., and Fukushi, H. Genetic relatedness and pathogenicity of equine herpesvirus 1 isolated from onager, zebra and gazelle. Archives of Virology. 2007; 152(2):245-255; ISSN: 0304-8608. Abstract.

D. EHV-1 Respiratory Disease

1. Del Piero, F. ; Wilkins, P. A; Timoney, P. J; Kadushin,

J.; Vogelbacker, H.; Lee, J. W; Berkowitz, S. J, and La

Perle, K. M. Fatal nonneurological EHV-1 infection in a

yearling filly. Veterinary Pathology. 2000; 37(6):672-676;

ISSN: 0300-9858. Full

text.

2. van Maanen, C.; Vreeswijk, J.; Moonen, P.; Brinkhof,

J. ; de Boer Luijtze, E., and Terpstra, C. Differentiation

and genomic and antigenic variation among fetal, respiratory,

and neurological isolates from EHV1 and EHV4 infections

in The Netherlands. Veterinary Quarterly. 2000; 22(2):88-93;

ISSN: 0165-2176. Abstract.

3. Del Piero, F. and Wilkins, P. A. Pulmonary vasculotropic

EHV-1 infection in equids. Veterinary Pathology. 2001;

38(4):474; ISSN: 0300-9858. Full

text.

4. Varrasso, A.; Dynon, K.; Ficorilli, N.; Hartley, C.

A; Studdert, M. J, and Drummer, H. E. Identification of

equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 by polymerase chain reaction.

Australian Veterinary Journal. 2001; 79(8):563-569; ISSN:

0005-0423. Full

text.

5. Allen, G. “Respiratory infections by equine herpesvirus

types 1 and 4,” In: Lekeux, P. editor, Equine respiratory

diseases. International Veterinary Information Service;

2002. Full

text.

6. van Maanen, C. Equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 infections:

an update. Veterinary Quarterly. 2002; 24(2):58-78; ISSN:

0165-2176. Abstract.

7. Mumford, E. L ; Traub Dargatz, J. L; Carman, J.; Callan,

R. J; Collins, J. K; Goltz, K. L; Romm, S. R; Tarr, S.

F, and Salman, M. D. Occurrence of infectious upper respiratory

tract disease and response to vaccination in horses on

six sentinel premises in northern Colorado. Equine Veterinary

Journal. 2003; 35(1):72-77; ISSN: 0425-1644. Abstract.

8. Patel, J. R; Foldi, J.; Bateman, H.; Williams, J.;

Didlick, S., and Stark, R. Equid herpesvirus (EHV-1) live

vaccine strain C147: efficacy against respiratory diseases

following EHV types 1 and 4 challenges. Veterinary Microbiology.

2003; 92(1-2):1-17; ISSN: 0378-1135. Abstract.

9. Allen, G. Equine rhinopneumonitis. In. OIE Manual of

Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals.

5th ed. Paris: OIE; 2004;(Chapt. 2.5.7): pp. 707-716. Full

text.

10. Maeda, K.; Kai, K.; Hayashi, T.; Hasegawa, K., and Matsumura, T. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) contribute to the elimination of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) from the lungs of intranasally infected BALB/c mice. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 2004; 130(2-3):162-170; ISSN: 0021-9975 . Abstract.

11. Smith, P. M.; Kahan, S. M.; Rorex, C. B.; von Einem, J.; Osterrieder, N., and O'Callaghan, D. J. Expression of the full-length form of gp2 of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) completely restores respiratory virulence to the attenuated EHV-1 strain KyA in CBA mice. Journal of Virology. 2005; 79(8):5105-5115; ISSN: 0022-538X. Full text.

12. Breathnach, C. C.; Yeargan, M. R.; Timoney, J. F., and Allen, G. P. Detection of equine herpesvirus-specific effector and memory cytotoxic immunity in the equine upper respiratory tract. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2006; 111(1-2):117-125; ISSN: 0165-2427. Abstract.

13. Coombs, D. K.; Patton, T.; Kohler, A. K.; Soboll, G.; Breathnach, C.; Townsend, H. G., and Lunn, D. P. Cytokine responses to EHV-1 infection in immune and non-immune ponies. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2006; 111(1-2):109-116; ISSN: 0165-2427. Abstract.

14. Foote, C. E.; Raidal, S. L.; Pecenpetelovska, G.; Wellington, J. E., and Whalley, J. M. Inoculation of mares and very young foals with EHV-1 glycoproteins D and B reduces virus shedding following respiratory challenge with EHV-1. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2006; 111(1-2):97-108; ISSN: 0165-2427. Abstract.

15. Hussey, S. B.; Clark, R.; Lunn, K. F.; Breathnach, C.; Soboll, G.; Whalley, J. M., and Lunn, D. P. Detection and quantification of equine herpesvirus-1 viremia and nasal shedding by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2006; 18(4):335-342; ISSN: 1040-6387. Abstract.

16. Dynon, K.; Black, W. D.; Ficorilli, N.; Hartley, C. A., and Studdert, M. J. Detection of viruses in nasal swab samples from horses with acute, febrile, respiratory disease using virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction and serology. Australian Veterinary Journal. 2007; 85(1-2):46-50; ISSN: 0005-0423. Abstract.

E. EHV-1 Abortion

1. Allen, G. A portrait of the pathogenesis of equine

herpesvirus abortion. Equine Disease Quarterly. October

1998; 7(1):3-4. Full

text.

2. Mukaiya, R.; Kimura, T.; Ochiai, K.; Wada, R., and

Umemura, T. Demonstration of equine herpesvirus-1 gene

expression in the placental trophoblasts of naturally aborted

equine fetuses. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 2000;

123(2-3):119-125; ISSN: 0021-9975. Abstract.

3. Schroer, U.; Lange, A.; Glatzel, P.; Ludwig, H., and

Borchers, K. Die Bedeutung der Infektion mit dem equinen

Herpesvirus Typ 1 (EHV-1) in einem deutschen Vollblutgestut:

Impfung, Abortgeschehen und Diagnostik [The relevance of

equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) infection in a German thoroughbred

stud: vaccination, abortion and diagnostics]. Berliner

Und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift. 2000; 113(2):53-59. Abstract.

4. Smith, K. C; Whitwell, K. E; Mumford, J. A; Hannant,

D.; Blunden, A. S, and Tearle, J. P. Virulence of the V592

isolate of equid herpesvirus-1 in ponies. Journal of Comparative

Pathology. 2000; 122(4):288-297; ISSN: 0021-9975. Abstract.

5. van Maanen, C.; Vreeswijk, J.; Moonen, P.; Brinkhof,

J. ; de Boer Luijtze, E., and Terpstra, C. Differentiation

and genomic and antigenic variation among fetal, respiratory,

and neurological isolates from EHV1 and EHV4 infections

in The Netherlands. Veterinary Quarterly. 2000; 22(2):88-93;

ISSN: 0165-2176. Abstract.

6. van Maanen, C.; Willink, D. L; Smeenk, L. A; Brinkhof,

J., and Terpstra, C. An equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1) abortion

storm at a riding school. Veterinary Quarterly. 2000; 22(2):83-87;

ISSN: 0165-2176. Abstract.

7. Walker, C.; Ruitenberg, K. M; Love, D. N, and Millar

Whalley, J. Immunization of BALB/c mice with DNA encoding

equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) glycoprotein D affords partial

protection in a model of EHV-1-induced abortion. Veterinary

Microbiology. 2000; 76(3):211-220; ISSN: 0378-1135. Abstract.

8. Galosi, C. M; Vila Roza, M. V; Oliva, G. A; Pecoraro,

M. R; Echeverria, M. G; Corva, S., and Etcheverrigaray,

M. E. A polymerase chain reaction for detection of equine

herpesvirus-1 in routine diagnostic submissions of tissues

from aborted foetuses. Journal of Veterinary Medicine.

B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health. 2001;

48(5):341-346; ISSN: 0931-1793. Abstract.

9. Smith, K. C and Borchers, K. A study of the pathogenesis

of equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) abortion by DNA in-situ

hybridization. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 2001;

125(4):304-310; ISSN: 0021-9975. Abstract.

10. Varrasso, A. ; Dynon, K.; Ficorilli, N.; Hartley,

C. A; Studdert, M. J, and Drummer, H. E. Identification

of equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 by polymerase chain reaction.

Australian Veterinary Journal. 2001; 79(8):563-569; ISSN:

0005-0423. Full

text.

11. Iqbal, J. and Edington, N. Equid herpesvirus 1 is

neurotropic in mice, but latency from which infectious

virus can be reactivated does not occur. Acta Veterinaria

Hungarica. 2002; 50(1):117-129; ISSN: 0236-6290. Abstract.

12. van Maanen, C. Equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 infections:

an update. Veterinary Quarterly. 2002; 24(2):58-78; ISSN:

0165-2176. Abstract.

13. Daly, P. and Doyle, S. The development of a competitive

PCR-ELISA for the detection of equine herpesvirus-1. Journal

of Virological Methods . 2003; 107(2):237-244; ISSN: 0166-0934. Abstract.

14. Gerst, S.; Borchers, K.; Gower, S. M, and Smith,

K. C. Detection of EHV-1 and EHV-4 in placental sections

of naturally occurring EHV-1- and EHV-4-related abortions

in the UK: use of the placenta in diagnosis. Equine Veterinary

Journal. 2003; 35(5):430-433; ISSN: 0425-1644. Abstract.

15. Kydd, J. H; Wattrang, E., and Hannant, D. Pre-infection

frequencies of equine herpesvirus-1 specific, cytotoxic

T lymphocytes correlate with protection against abortion

following experimental infection of pregnant mares. Veterinary

Immunology and Immunopathology. 2003; 96(3-4):207-217;

ISSN: 0165-2427. Abstract.

16. Patel, J. R; Bateman, H.; Williams, J., and Didlick,

S. Derivation and characterisation of a live equid herpes

virus-1 (EHV-1) vaccine to protect against abortion and

respiratory disease due to EHV-1. Veterinary Microbiology.

2003; 91(1):23-39; ISSN: 0378-1135. Abstract.

17. Studdert, M. J; Hartley, C. A; Dynon, K.; Sandy, J.

R; Slocombe, R. F; Charles, J. A; Milne, M. E; Clarke,

A. F, and El Hage, C. Outbreak of equine herpesvirus type

1 myeloencephalitis: new insights from virus identification

by PCR and the application of an EHV-1-specific antibody

detection ELISA. Veterinary Record. 2003; 153(14):417-423;

ISSN: 0042-4900. Abstract.

18. Szeredi, L.; Aupperle, H., and Steiger, K. Detection

of equine herpesvirus-1 in the fetal membranes of aborted

equine fetuses by immunohistochemical and in-situ hybridization

techniques. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 2003; 129(2-3):147-153;

ISSN: 0021-9975. Abstract.

19. Szeredi, L.; Palfi, V., and Molnar, T. Comparison

of methods for the diagnosis of equine herpesvirus type

1 infection. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica. 2003; 51(2):153-163;

ISSN: 0236-6290. Abstract.

20. Allen, G. Equine rhinopneumonitis. In. OIE Manual

of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals.

5th ed. Paris: OIE; 2004;(Chapt. 2.5.7): pp. 707-716. Full

text.

21. Galosi, C. M; Barbeito, C. G; Vila Roza, M. V; Cid

de la Paz, V.; Ayala, M. A; Corva, S. G; Etcheverrigaray,

M. E, and Gimeno, E. J. Argentine strain of equine herpesvirus

1 isolated from an aborted foetus shows low virulence in

mouse respiratory and abortion models. Veterinary Microbiology.

2004; 103(1-2 ):1-12; ISSN: 0378-1135. Abstract.

22. Kimura, T.; Hasebe, R.; Mukaiya, R.; Ochiai, K.; Wada,

R., and Umemura, T. Decreased expression of equine herpesvirus-1

early and late genes in the placenta of naturally aborted

equine fetuses. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 2004;

130(1):41-47; ISSN: 0021-9975. Abstract.

23. Kondo, T.; McGregor, M.; Chu, Q.; Chen, D.; Horimoto,

T., and Kawaoka, Y. A protective effect of epidermal powder

immunization in a mouse model of equine herpesvirus-1 infection.

Virology. 2004; 318(1):414-419; ISSN: 0042-6822. Abstract.

24. Reed, S. M and Toribio, R. E. Equine herpesvirus

1 and 4. Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice.

2004; 20(3):631-642; ISSN: 0749-0739. Abstract.

25. Smith, K. C; Whitwell, K. E; Blunden, A. S; Bestbier,

M. E ; Scase, T. J; Geraghty, R. J; Nugent, J.; Davis Poynter,

N. J, and Cardwell, J. M. Equine herpesvirus-1 abortion:

atypical cases with lesions largely or wholly restricted

to the placenta. Equine Veterinary Journal. 2004; 36(1):79-82;

ISSN: 0425-1644.

26. Gupta, A. K.; Kaur, D.; Rattan, B., and Yadav, M. P. Molecular variability in different Indian isolates of equine herpesvirus-1. Veterinary Research Communications. 2005; 29(8):721-734; ISSN: 0165-7380. Abstract.

27. Elia, G.; Decaro, N.; Martella, V.; Campolo, M.; Desario, C.; Lorusso, E.; Cirone, F., and Buonavoglia, C. Detection of equine herpesvirus type 1 by real time PCR. Journal of Virological Methods. 2006; 133(1):70-75; ISSN: 0166-0934. Abstract.

28. Martinez, J. P.; Martin Ocampos, G. P.; Fernandez, L. C.; Fuentealba, N. A.; Cid de la Paz, V.; Barrandeguy, M., and Galosi, C. M. Detection of equine herpesvirus 1 genome 1B in Argentina. Revue Scientifique et Technique. 2006; 25(3):1075-1079; ISSN: 0253-1933. Full text (pdf).

29. Paillot, R.; Daly, J. M.; Luce, R.; Montesso, F.; Davis Poynter, N.; Hannant, D., and Kydd, J. H. Frequency and phenotype of EHV-1 specific, IFN-gamma synthesising lymphocytes in ponies: the effects of age, pregnancy and infection. Developmental and Comparative Immunology. 2007; 31(2):202-214; ISSN: 0145-305X. Abstract.

F. EHV-1 Neurological

Disease

1. Friday, P. A; Scarratt, W. K; Elvinger, F.; Timoney,

P. J, and Bonda, A. Ataxia and paresis with equine herpesvirus

type 1 infection in a herd of riding school horses. Journal

of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2000; 14(2):197-201; ISSN:

0891-6640. Abstract.

2. van Maanen, C.; Vreeswijk, J.; Moonen, P.; Brinkhof,

J. ; de Boer Luijtze, E., and Terpstra, C. Differentiation

and genomic and antigenic variation among fetal, respiratory,

and neurological isolates from EHV1 and EHV4 infections

in The Netherlands. Veterinary Quarterly. 2000; 22(2):88-93;

ISSN: 0165-2176. Abstract.

3. Olsen, T. F. Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy

in a 14-year-old quarter horse stallion. Canadian Veterinary

Journal. 2001; 42(3):217-220; ISSN: 0008-5286. Abstract.

4. van Maanen, C.; Sloet van Oldruitenborgh Oosterbaan,

M. M; Damen, E. A, and Derksen, A. G. Neurological disease

associated with EHV-1-infection in a riding school: clinical

and virological characteristics. Equine Veterinary Journal.

2001; 33(2):191-196; ISSN: 0425-1644. Abstract.

5. Hasebe, R.; Kimura, T.; Nakamura, K.; Okazaki, K.;

Ochiai, K.; Wada, R., and Umemura, T. Passage of equine

herpesvirus-1 in suckling mouse brain enhances extraneural

virus growth and subsequent hematogenous neuroinvasion.

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 2002; 64(10):907-912;

ISSN: 0916-7250. Full

text.

6. Hasebe, R.; Kimura, T.; Sato, E.; Okazaki, K.; Ochiai,

K.; Wada, R., and Umemura, T. Equine herpesvirus-1-induced

encephalomyelitis in mice: a comparative study of neuroadapted

virus and its parental strain. Journal of Comparative Pathology.

2002; 127(2-3 ):118-125; ISSN: 0021-9975. Abstract.

7. Stierstorfer, B.; Eichhorn, W.; Schmahl, W.; Brandmuller,

C.; Kaaden, O. R, and Neubauer, A. Equine herpesvirus type

1 (EHV-1) myeloencephalopathy: a case report. Journal of

Veterinary Medicine. B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary

Public Health. 2002; 49(1):37-41; ISSN: 0931-1793. Abstract.

8. van Maanen, C. Equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 infections:

an update. Veterinary Quarterly. 2002; 24(2):58-78; ISSN:

0165-2176. Abstract.

9. Allen, G. and Powell, D., “Equine Herpesvirus

Neurological Disease in the USA and United Kingdom,” Equine

Disease Quarterly, July 2003, Vol 12 (#3), p 2-3. Full

text.

10. Cardwell, J.; Smith, K.; Newton, R.; Blunden, T.;

Bestbier, M., and Whitwell, K. EHV paralytic disease in

the south of England. Veterinary Record . 2003; 152(14):441-442;

ISSN: 0042-4900.

11. Studdert, M. J; Hartley, C. A; Dynon, K.; Sandy,

J. R; Slocombe, R. F; Charles, J. A; Milne, M. E; Clarke,

A. F, and El Hage, C. Outbreak of equine herpesvirus type

1 myeloencephalitis: new insights from virus identification

by PCR and the application of an EHV-1-specific antibody

detection ELISA. Veterinary Record. 2003; 153(14):417-423;

ISSN: 0042-4900. Abstract.

12. Allen, G. P; Kydd, J. H; Slater, J. D, and Smith,

K. C. Equid herpesvirus 1 and equid herpesvirus 4 infections.

Infectious Diseases of Livestock. 2004; 2(Ed.2):829-859.

13. Chvala, S.; Nowotny, N.; Kotzab, E.; Cain, M., and

van den Hoven, R. Use of the meridian test for the detection

of equine herpesvirus type 1 infection in horses with decreased

performance. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical

Association. 2004; 225(4):554-559; ISSN: 0003-1488. Abstract.

14. Frampton, A. R Jr; Smith, P. M; Zhang, Y.; Grafton,

W. D; Matsumura, T.; Osterrieder, N., and O'Callaghan,

D. J. Meningoencephalitis in mice infected with an equine

herpesvirus 1 strain KyA recombinant expressing glycoprotein

I and glycoprotein E. Virus Genes. 2004; 29(1):9-17; ISSN:

0920-8569. Abstract.

15. Goehring, L. S; van Maanen, C., and Sloet van Oldruitenborgh

Oosterbaan, M. M. Neurological syndromes among horses in

The Netherlands. A 5 year retrospective survey (1999-2004).

Veterinary Quarterly. 2005; 27(1):11-20; ISSN: 0165-2176. Full

text.

16. Sloet van Oldruitenborgh Oosterbaan, M. Neurologische vorm van rhinopneumonie. [Neurologic form of rhinopneumonia]. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde. 2005; 130(20):629-631; ISSN: 0040-7453.

17. Allen, G. P. Antemortem detection of latent infection with neuropathogenic strains of equine herpesvirus-1 in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 2006; 67(8):1401-1405; ISSN: 0002-9645. Abstract.

18. Allen, G. P. and Breathnach, C. C. Quantification by real-time PCR of the magnitude and duration of leucocyte-associated viraemia in horses infected with neuropathogenic vs. non-neuropathogenic strains of EHV-1. Equine Veterinary Journal. 2006; 38(3):252-257; ISSN: 0425-1644. Abstract.

19. Borchers, K.; Thein, R., and Sterner Kock, A. Pathogenesis of equine herpesvirus-associated neurological disease: a revised explanation. Equine Veterinary Journal. 2006; 38(3):283-287; ISSN: 0425-1644.

20. Goehring, L. S.; van Winden, S. C.; van Maanen, C., and Sloet van Oldruitenborgh Oosterbaan, M. M. Equine herpesvirus type 1-associated myeloencephalopathy in The Netherlands: a four-year retrospective study (1999-2003). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2006; 20(3):601-607; ISSN: 0891-6640. Abstract.

21. Goodman, L. B.; Wagner, B.; Flaminio, M. J.; Sussman, K. H.; Metzger, S. M.; Holland, R., and Osterrieder, N. Comparison of the efficacy of inactivated combination and modified-live virus vaccines against challenge infection with neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1). Vaccine. 2006; 24(17):3636-3645; ISSN: 0264-410X. Abstract.

22. Hasebe, R.; Kimura, T.; Nakamura, K.; Ochiai, K.; Okazaki, K.; Wada, R., and Umemura, T. Differential susceptibility of equine and mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells to equine herpesvirus 1 infection. Archives of Virology. 2006; 151(4):775-786; ISSN: 0304-8608. Abstract.

23. Nugent, J.; Birch Machin, I.; Smith, K. C.; Mumford, J. A.; Swann, Z.; Newton, J. R.; Bowden, R. J.; Allen, G. P., and Davis Poynter, N. Analysis of equid herpesvirus 1 strain variation reveals a point mutation of the DNA polymerase strongly associated with neuropathogenic versus nonneuropathogenic disease outbreaks. Journal of Virology. 2006; 80(8):4047-4060; ISSN: 0022-538X. Full text.

24. Pusterla, N.; Wilson, W. D.; Conrad, P. A.; Barr, B. C.; Ferraro, G. L.; Daft, B. M., and Leutenegger, C. M. Cytokine gene signatures in neural tissue of horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis or equine herpes type 1 myeloencephalopathy. Veterinary Record. 2006; 159(11):341-346; ISSN: 0042-4900. Abstract.

25. Henninger, R. W.; Reed, S. M.; Saville, W. J.; Allen, G. P.; Hass, G. F.; Kohn, C. W., and Sofaly, C. Outbreak of neurologic disease caused by equine herpesvirus-1 at a university equestrian center. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2007; 21(1):157-165; ISSN: 0891-6640. Abstract.

G. EHV-1 Infection

of Newborn Foals

1. Carvalho, R.; Oliveira, A. M; Souza, A. M; Passos,

L. M, and Martins, A. S. Prevalence of equine herpesvirus

type 1 latency detected by polymerase chain reaction. Archives

of Virology. 2000; 145(9):1773-1787; ISSN: 0304-8608. Abstract.

2. van Maanen, C.; Vreeswijk, J.; Moonen, P.; Brinkhof,

J. ; de Boer Luijtze, E., and Terpstra, C. Differentiation

and genomic and antigenic variation among fetal, respiratory,

and neurological isolates from EHV1 and EHV4 infections

in The Netherlands. Veterinary Quarterly. 2000; 22(2):88-93;

ISSN: 0165-2176. Abstract.

3. Foote, C. E; Gilkerson, J. R; Whalley, J. M, and Love,

D. N . Seroprevalence of equine herpesvirus 1 in mares

and foals on a large Hunter Valley stud farm in years pre-

and postvaccination. Australian Veterinary Journal. 2003;

81(5):283-288; ISSN: 0005-0423. Full

text.

4. Szeredi, L.; Palfi, V., and Molnar, T. Comparison of

methods for the diagnosis of equine herpesvirus type 1

infection. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica. 2003; 51(2):153-163;

ISSN: 0236-6290. Abstract.

5. Foote, C. E; Love, D. N; Gilkerson, J. R, and Whalley,

J. M . Detection of EHV-1 and EHV-4 DNA in unweaned Thoroughbred

foals from vaccinated mares on a large stud farm. Equine

Veterinary Journal. 2004; 36(4):341-345; ISSN: 0425-1644. Abstract.

6. Patel, J. R; Didlick, S., and Bateman, H. Efficacy

of a live equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) strain C147 vaccine

in foals with maternally-derived antibody: protection against

EHV-1 infection. Equine Veterinary Journal. 2004; 36(5):447-451;

ISSN: 0425-1644. Abstract.

7. Foote, C. E; Love, D. N; Gilkerson, J. R; Rota, J.;

Trevor Jones, P.; Ruitenberg, K. M; Wellington, J. E, and

Whalley, J. M. Serum antibody responses to equine herpesvirus

1 glycoprotein D in horses, pregnant mares and young foals.

Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2005; 105(1-2):47-57;

ISSN: 0165-2427. Abstract.

8. Kirisawa, R.; Hosoi, Y.; Yamaya, R.; Taniyama, H.; Okamoto, M.; Tsunoda, N.; Hagiwara, K., and Iwai, H. Isolation of equine herpesvirus-1 lacking glycoprotein C from a dead neonatal foal in Japan. Archives of Virology. 2005; 150(12):2549-2565; ISSN: 0304-8608. Abstract.

9. Bell, S. A.; Balasuriya, U. B.; Gardner, I. A.; Barry, P. A.; Wilson, W. D.; Ferraro, G. L., and MacLachlan, N. J. Temporal detection of equine herpesvirus infections of a cohort of mares and their foals. Veterinary Microbiology. 2006; 116(4):249-257; ISSN: 0378-1135. Abstract.

10. Foote, C. E.; Love, D. N.; Gilkerson, J. R.; Wellington, J. E., and Whalley, J. M. EHV-1 and EHV-4 infection in vaccinated mares and their foals. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2006; 111(1-2):41-46; ISSN: 0165-2427. Abstract.

11. Foote, C. E.; Raidal, S. L.; Pecenpetelovska, G.; Wellington, J. E., and Whalley, J. M. Inoculation of mares and very young foals with EHV-1 glycoproteins D and B reduces virus shedding following respiratory challenge with EHV-1. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2006; 111(1-2):97-108; ISSN: 0165-2427. Abstract.

H. Prevention and

Control

1. Alber, D. G; Killington, R. A, and Stokes, A. Solid

matrix-antibody-antigen complexes incorporating equine

herpesvirus 1 glycoproteins C and D elicit anti-viral immune

responses in BALB/c (H-2K(d)) and C3H (H-2K(k)) mice. Vaccine.

2000; 19(7-8):895-901; ISSN: 0264-410X. Abstract.

2. Birch Machin, I.; Ryder, S.; Taylor, L.; Iniguez,

P.; Marault, M.; Ceglie, L.; Zientara, S.; Cruciere, C.;

Cancellotti, F.; Koptopoulos, G.; Mumford, J.; Binns, M.;

Davis Poynter, N., and Hannant, D. Utilisation of bacteriophage

display libraries to identify peptide sequences recognised

by equine herpesvirus type 1 specific equine sera. Journal

of Virological Methods. 2000; 88(1):89-104; ISSN: 0166-0934. Abstract.

3. Csellner, H.; Walker, C.; Wellington, J. E; McLure,

L. E; Love, D. N, and Whalley, J. M. EHV-1 glycoprotein

D (EHV-1 gD) is required for virus entry and cell-cell

fusion, and an EHV-1 gD deletion mutant induces a protective

immune response in mice. Archives of Virology. 2000; 145(11):2371-2385;

ISSN: 0304-8608. Abstract.

4. Ruitenberg, K. M; Love, D. N; Gilkerson, J. R; Wellington,

J. E, and Whalley, J. M. Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) glycoprotein

D DNA inoculation in horses with pre-existing EHV-1/EHV-4

antibody. Veterinary Microbiology. 2000; 76(2):117-127;

ISSN: 0378-1135. Abstract.

5. Ruitenberg, K. M; Walker, C.; Love, D. N; Wellington,

J. E, and Whalley, J. M. A prime-boost immunization strategy

with DNA and recombinant baculovirus-expressed protein

enhances protective immunogenicity of glycoprotein D of

equine herpesvirus 1 in naive and infection-primed mice.

Vaccine. 2000; 18(14):1367-1373; ISSN: 0264-410X. Abstract.

6. Schroer, U.; Lange, A.; Glatzel, P.; Ludwig, H., and

Borchers, K. Die Bedeutung der Infektion mit dem equinen

Herpesvirus Typ 1 (EHV-1) in einem deutschen Vollblutgestut:

Impfung, Abortgeschehen und Diagnostik [The relevance of

equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) infection in a German thoroughbred

stud: vaccination, abortion and diagnostics]. Berliner

Und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift. 2000; 113(2):53-59. Abstract.

7. Skinner, G. R and Davies, J. Efficacy of an inactivated

vaccine for equine herpesvirus type 1 in a novel hamster

model. Intervirology. 2000; 43(1):27-35; ISSN: 0300-5526. Abstract.

8. van Der Meulen, K. M; Nauwynck, H. J; Buddaert, W.,

and Pensaert, M. B. Replication of equine herpesvirus type

1 in freshly isolated equine peripheral blood mononuclear

cells and changes in susceptibility following mitogen stimulation.

Journal of General Virology. 2000; 81(Pt 1):21-25; ISSN:

0022-1317. Full

text.

9. van Maanen, C.; de Boer Luijtze, E., and Terpstra,

C. Development and validation of a monoclonal antibody

blocking ELISA for the detection of antibodies against

both equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV1) and equine herpesvirus

type 4 (EHV4). Veterinary Microbiology. 2000; 71( 1-2):37-51;

ISSN: 0378-1135. Abstract.

10. Walker, C.; Ruitenberg, K. M; Love, D. N, and Millar

Whalley, J. Immunization of BALB/c mice with DNA encoding

equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) glycoprotein D affords partial

protection in a model of EHV-1-induced abortion. Veterinary

Microbiology. 2000; 76(3):211-220; ISSN: 0378-1135. Abstract.

11. Yasunaga, S. ; Maeda, K.; Matsumura, T.; Kondo, T.,

and Kai, K. Application of a type-specific enzyme-linked

immunosorbent assay for equine herpesvirus types 1 and

4 (EHV-1 and -4) to horse populations inoculated with inactivated

EHV-1 vaccine. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 2000;

62(7):687-691; ISSN: 0916-7250. Full

text.

12. Zhang, Y.; Smith, P. M; Jennings, S. R, and O'Callaghan,

D. J. Quantitation of virus-specific classes of antibodies

following immunization of mice with attenuated equine herpesvirus

1 and viral glycoprotein D. Virology. 2000; 268(2):482-492;

ISSN: 0042-6822. Abstract.

13. Breathnach, C. C; Yeargan, M. R; Sheoran, A. S, and

Allen, G. P. The mucosal humoral immune response of the

horse to infective challenge and vaccination with equine

herpesvirus-1 antigens. Equine Veterinary Journal. 2001;

33(7):651-657; ISSN: 0425-1644. Abstract.

14. Heldens, J. G ; Hannant, D.; Cullinane, A. A; Prendergast,

M. J; Mumford, J. A; Nelly, M.; Kydd, J. H; Weststrate,

M. W, and van den Hoven, R. Clinical and virological evaluation

of the efficacy of an inactivated EHV1 and EHV4 whole virus

vaccine (Duvaxyn EHV1,4). Vaccination/challenge experiments

in foals and pregnant mares. Vaccine. 2001; 19(30):4307-4317;

ISSN: 0264-410X. Abstract.

15. Heldens, J. G; Kersten, A. J; Weststrate, M. W, and

van den Hoven, R. Duration of immunity induced by an adjuvanted

and inactivated equine influenza, tetanus and equine herpesvirus

1 and 4 combination vaccine. Veterinary Quarterly. 2001;

23(4):210-217; ISSN: 0165-2176. Abstract.

16. Osterrieder, N.; Seyboldt, C., and Elbers, K. Deletion

of gene 52 encoding glycoprotein M of equine herpesvirus

type 1 strain RacH results in increased immunogenicity.

Veterinary Microbiology. 2001; 81(3):219-226; ISSN: 0378-1135. Abstract.

17. Ruitenberg, K. M; Gilkerson, J. R; Wellington, J.

E; Love, D. N, and Whalley, J. M. Equine herpesvirus 1

glycoprotein D expressed in Pichia pastoris is hyperglycosylated

and elicits a protective immune response in the mouse model

of EHV-1 disease. Virus Research. 2001; 79( 1-2):125-135;

ISSN: 0168-1702. Abstract.

18. Singh, B. K; Yadav, M. P, and Tewari, S. C. Neutralizing

and complement-fixing monoclonal antibodies as an aid to

the diagnosis of equine herpesvirus-1 infection. Veterinary

Research Communications. 2001; 25(8):675-686; ISSN: 0165-7380. Abstract.

19. van der Meulen, K. M; Nauwynck, H. J, and Pensaert,

M. B. Mitogen stimulation favours replication of equine

herpesvirus-1 in equine blood mononuclear cells by inducing

cell proliferation and formation of close intercellular

contacts. Journal of General Virology. 2001; 82(Pt 8):1951-1957;

ISSN: 0022-1317. Full

text.

20. Allen, G.P., “Epidemic

disease caused by Equine herpesvirus-1: recommendations

for prevention and control,” Equine Veterinary

Education, 2002, Vol 4, p 177-184. (pdf file).

21. Foote, C. E; Love, D. N; Gilkerson, J. R, and Whalley,

J. M . Serological responses of mares and weanlings following

vaccination with an inactivated whole virus equine herpesvirus

1 and equine herpesvirus 4 vaccine. Veterinary Microbiology.

2002; 88(1):13-25; ISSN: 0378-1135. Abstract.

22. Learmonth, G. S; Love, D. N; Wellington, J. E; Gilkerson,

J. R, and Whalley, J. M. The C-terminal regions of the

envelope glycoprotein gp2 of equine herpesviruses 1 and

4 are antigenically distinct. Archives of Virology. 2002;

147(3):607-615; ISSN: 0304-8608. Abstract.

23. Rudolph, J.; O'Callaghan, D. J, and Osterrieder, N.

Cloning of the genomes of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1)

strains KyA and racL11 as bacterial artificial chromosomes

(BAC). Journal of Veterinary Medicine. B, Infectious Diseases

and Veterinary Public Health. 2002 ; 49(1):31-36; ISSN:

0931-1793. Abstract.

24. Studdert, M. J. Vaccination of foals and pregnant

mares with Duvaxyn EHV1, 4 vaccine. Vaccine . 2002; 20(7-8):992;

ISSN: 0264-410X.

25. Taouji, S.; Collobert, C.; Gicquel, B.; Sailleau,

C.; Brisseau, N.; Moussu, C.; Breuil, M. F; Pronost, S.;

Borchers, K., and Zientara, S. Detection and isolation

of equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 from horses in Normandy:

an autopsy study of tissue distribution in relation to

vaccination status. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. B,

Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health. 2002;

49(8):394-399; ISSN: 0931-1793. Abstract.

26. Foote, C. E; Gilkerson, J. R; Whalley, J. M, and Love,

D. N . Seroprevalence of equine herpesvirus 1 in mares

and foals on a large Hunter Valley stud farm in years pre-

and postvaccination. Australian Veterinary Journal. 2003;

81(5):283-288; ISSN: 0005-0423. Full

text.

27. Kydd, J. H; Wattrang, E., and Hannant, D. Pre-infection

frequencies of equine herpesvirus-1 specific, cytotoxic

T lymphocytes correlate with protection against abortion

following experimental infection of pregnant mares. Veterinary

Immunology and Immunopathology. 2003; 96(3-4):207-217;

ISSN: 0165-2427. Abstract.

28. Mumford, E. L; Traub Dargatz, J. L; Carman, J.; Callan,

R. J; Collins, J. K; Goltz, K. L; Romm, S. R; Tarr, S.

F, and Salman, M. D. Occurrence of infectious upper respiratory

tract disease and response to vaccination in horses on

six sentinel premises in northern Colorado. Equine Veterinary

Journal. 2003; 35(1):72-77; ISSN: 0425-1644. Abstract.

29. Patel, J. R; Bateman, H.; Williams, J., and Didlick,

S. Derivation and characterisation of a live equid herpes

virus-1 (EHV-1) vaccine to protect against abortion and

respiratory disease due to EHV-1. Veterinary Microbiology.

2003; 91(1):23-39; ISSN: 0378-1135. Abstract.

30. Patel, J. R; Foldi, J.; Bateman, H.; Williams, J.;

Didlick, S., and Stark, R. Equid herpesvirus (EHV-1) live

vaccine strain C147: efficacy against respiratory diseases

following EHV types 1 and 4 challenges. Veterinary Microbiology.

2003; 92(1-2):1-17; ISSN: 0378-1135. Abstract.

31. Soboll, G.; Whalley, J. M; Koen, M. T; Allen, G. P;

Fraser, D. G; Macklin, M. D; Swain, W. F, and Lunn, D.

P. Identification of equine herpesvirus-1 antigens recognized

by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Journal of General Virology.

2003; 84(Pt 10):2625-2634; ISSN: 0022-1317. Abstract.

32. Szeredi, L.; Aupperle, H., and Steiger, K. Detection

of equine herpesvirus-1 in the fetal membranes of aborted

equine fetuses by immunohistochemical and in-situ hybridization

techniques. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 2003; 129(2-3):147-153;

ISSN: 0021-9975. Abstract.

33. van der Meulen, K. M; Nauwynck, H. J, and Pensaert,

M. B. Absence of viral antigens on the surface of equine

herpesvirus-1-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells:

a strategy to avoid complement-mediated lysis. Journal

of General Virology. 2003; 84(Pt 1):93-97; ISSN: 0022-1317. Full

text.

34. Zhang, Y.; Smith, P. M; Frampton, A. R; Osterrieder,

N.; Jennings, S. R, and O'Callaghan, D. J. Cytokine profiles

and long-term virus-specific antibodies following immunization

of CBA mice with equine herpesvirus 1 and viral glycoprotein

D. Viral Immunology. 2003; 16(3):307-320; ISSN: 0882-8245. Abstract.

35. Foote, C. E; Love, D. N; Gilkerson, J. R, and Whalley,

J. M . Detection of EHV-1 and EHV-4 DNA in unweaned Thoroughbred

foals from vaccinated mares on a large stud farm. Equine

Veterinary Journal. 2004; 36(4):341-345; ISSN: 0425-1644. Abstract.

36. Kondo, T.; McGregor, M.; Chu, Q.; Chen, D.; Horimoto,

T., and Kawaoka, Y. A protective effect of epidermal powder

immunization in a mouse model of equine herpesvirus-1 infection.

Virology. 2004; 318(1):414-419; ISSN: 0042-6822. Abstract.

37. Maeda, K.; Kai, K.; Hayashi, T.; Hasegawa, K., and

Matsumura, T. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)

and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) contribute

to the elimination of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1)

from the lungs of intranasally infected BALB/c mice. Journal

of Comparative Pathology. 2004; 130(2-3):162-170; ISSN:

0021-9975. Abstract.

38. Minke, J. M; Audonnet, J. C, and Fischer, L. Equine

viral vaccines: the past, present and future. Veterinary

Research. 2004; 35(4):425-443; ISSN: 0928-4249. Full

text.

39. Newton, J. R ; Geraghty, R. J; Castillo Olivares,

J.; Cardwell, J. M, and Mumford, J. A. Evidence that use

of an inactivated equine herpesvirus vaccine induces serum

cytotoxicity affecting the equine arteritis virus neutralisation

test. Vaccine. 2004; 22(29-30):4117-4123; ISSN: 0264-410X. Abstract.

40. Patel, J. R; Didlick, S., and Bateman, H. Efficacy

of a live equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) strain C147 vaccine

in foals with maternally-derived antibody: protection against

EHV-1 infection. Equine Veterinary Journal. 2004; 36(5):447-451;

ISSN: 0425-1644. Abstract.

41. Reed, S. M and Toribio, R. E. Equine herpesvirus

1 and 4. Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice.

2004; 20(3):631-642; ISSN: 0749-0739. Abstract.

42. Singh, B. K; Ahuja, S., and Gulati, B. R. Development

of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody-based blocking ELISA

for detection of equine herpesvirus 1 antibodies. Veterinary

Research Communications. 2004; 28(5):437-446; ISSN: 0165-7380. Abstract.

43. Breathnach, C. C.; Soboll, G.; Suresh, M., and Lunn, D. P. Equine herpesvirus-1 infection induces IFN-gamma production by equine T lymphocyte subsets. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2005; 103(3-4):207-215; ISSN: 0165-2427. Abstract.

44. Foote, C. E; Love, D. N; Gilkerson, J. R; Rota, J.;

Trevor Jones, P.; Ruitenberg, K. M; Wellington, J. E, and

Whalley, J. M. Serum antibody responses to equine herpesvirus

1 glycoprotein D in horses, pregnant mares and young foals.

Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2005; 105(1-2):47-57;

ISSN: 0165-2427. Abstract.

45. Paillot, R.; Daly, J. M; Juillard, V.; Minke, J.

M; Hannant, D., and Kydd, J. H. Equine interferon gamma

synthesis in lymphocytes after in vivo infection and in

vitro stimulation with EHV-1. Vaccine. 2005; 23(36):4541-4551;

ISSN: 0264-410X. Abstract.

46. Patel, J. R and Heldens, J. Equine herpesviruses 1

(EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4)--epidemiology, disease and immunoprophylaxis:

a brief review. Veterinary Journal. 2005; 170(1):14-23;

ISSN: 1090-0233. Abstract.

47. Trapp, S.; von Einem, J.; Hofmann, H.; Kostler, J.;

Wild, J.; Wagner, R.; Beer, M., and Osterrieder, N. Potential

of equine herpesvirus 1 as a vector for immunization. Journal

of Virology. 2005; 79(9):5445-5454; ISSN: 0022-538X. Full

text.

48. Coombs, D. K.; Patton, T.; Kohler, A. K.; Soboll, G.; Breathnach, C.; Townsend, H. G., and Lunn, D. P. Cytokine responses to EHV-1 infection in immune and non-immune ponies. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2006; 111(1-2):109-116; ISSN: 0165-2427. Abstract.

49. Foote, C. E.; Love, D. N.; Gilkerson, J. R.; Wellington, J. E., and Whalley, J. M. EHV-1 and EHV-4 infection in vaccinated mares and their foals. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2006; 111(1-2):41-46; ISSN: 0165-2427. Abstract.

50. Goodman, L. B.; Wagner, B.; Flaminio, M. J.; Sussman, K. H.; Metzger, S. M.; Holland, R., and Osterrieder, N. Comparison of the efficacy of inactivated combination and modified-live virus vaccines against challenge infection with neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1). Vaccine. 2006; 24(17):3636-3645; ISSN: 0264-410X. Abstract.

51. Holmes, M. A.; Townsend, H. G.; Kohler, A. K.; Hussey, S.; Breathnach, C.; Barnett, C.; Holland, R., and Lunn, D. P. Immune responses to commercial equine vaccines against equine herpesvirus-1, equine influenza virus, eastern equine encephalomyelitis, and tetanus. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2006; 111(1-2):67-80; ISSN: 0165-2427. Abstract.

52. Kydd, J. H.; Townsend, H. G., and Hannant, D. The equine immune response to equine herpesvirus-1: the virus and its vaccines. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2006; 111(1-2):15-30; ISSN: 0165-2427. Abstract.

53. Minke, J. M.; Fischer, L.; Baudu, P.; Guigal, P. M.; Sindle, T.; Mumford, J. A., and Audonnet, J. C. Use of DNA and recombinant canarypox viral (ALVAC) vectors for equine herpes virus vaccination. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2006; 111(1-2):47-57; ISSN: 0165-2427. Abstract.

54. Paillot, R.; Ellis, S. A.; Daly, J. M.; Audonnet, J. C.; Minke, J. M.; Davis Poynter, N.; Hannant, D., and Kydd, J. H. Characterisation of CTL and IFN-gamma synthesis in ponies following vaccination with a NYVAC-based construct coding for EHV-1 immediate early gene, followed by challenge infection. Vaccine. 2006; 24(10):1490-1500; ISSN: 0264-410X. Abstract.

55. Rosas, C. T.; Goodman, L. B.; von Einem, J., and Osterrieder, N. Equine herpesvirus type 1 modified live virus vaccines: quo vaditis? Expert Review of Vaccines. 2006; 5(1):119-131. Abstract.

56. Soboll, G.; Hussey, S. B.; Whalley, J. M.; Allen, G. P.; Koen, M. T.; Santucci, N.; Fraser, D. G.; Macklin, M. D.; Swain, W. F., and Lunn, D. P. Antibody and cellular immune responses following DNA vaccination and EHV-1 infection of ponies. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2006; 111(1-2):81-95; ISSN: 0165-2427. Abstract.

57. Tsujimura, K.; Yamanaka, T.; Kondo, T.; Fukushi, H., and Matsumura, T. Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of equine herpesvirus type 1 mutants defective in either gI or gE gene in murine and hamster models. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 2006; 68(10):1029-1038; ISSN: 0916-7250. Full text (pdf).

58. Weerasinghe, C. U.; Learmonth, G. S.; Gilkerson, J. R.; Foote, C. E.; Wellington, J. E. , and Whalley, J. M. Equine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein D expressed in E. coli provides partial protection against equine herpesvirus infection in mice and elicits virus-neutralizing antibodies in the horse. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2006; 111(1-2):59-66; ISSN: 0165-2427. Abstract.

59. Rosas, C. T.; Konig, P.; Beer, M.; Dubovi, E. J.; Tischer, B. K, and Osterrieder, N. Evaluation of the vaccine potential of an equine herpesvirus type 1 vector expressing bovine viral diarrhea virus structural proteins. Journal of General Virology. 2007; 88(3):748-757; ISSN: 0022-1317. Abstract.

I. Therapy and Management

1. Frampton, A. R Jr; Smith, P. M; Zhang, Y.; Matsumura,

T.; Osterrieder, N., and O'Callaghan, D. J. Contribution

of gene products encoded within the unique short segment

of equine herpesvirus 1 to virulence in a murine model.

Virus Research. 2002; 90(1-2):287-301; ISSN: 0168-1702. Abstract.

2. Bentz, B. G.; Maxwell, L. K.; Erkert, R. S.; Royer, C. M.; Davis, M. S.; MacAllister, C. G., and Clarke, C. R. Pharmacokinetics of acyclovir after single intravenous and oral administration to adult horses. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2006; 20(3):589-594; ISSN: 0891-6640. Abstract.

3. Field, H. J.; Biswas, S., and Mohammad, I. T. Herpesvirus latency and therapy--from a veterinary perspective. Antiviral Research. 2006; 71(2-3):127-133; ISSN: 0166-3542. Abstract.

4. Foote, C. E.; Raidal, S. L.; Pecenpetelovska, G.; Wellington, J. E., and Whalley, J. M. Inoculation of mares and very young foals with EHV-1 glycoproteins D and B reduces virus shedding following respiratory challenge with EHV-1. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2006; 111(1-2):97-108; ISSN: 0165-2427. Abstract.

5. Henninger, R. W.; Reed, S. M.; Saville, W. J.; Allen, G. P.; Hass, G. F.; Kohn, C. W., and Sofaly, C. Outbreak of neurologic disease caused by equine herpesvirus-1 at a university equestrian center. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2007; 21(1):157-165; ISSN: 0891-6640. Abstract.

6. Irwin, V. L.; Traub Dargatz, J. L.; Newton, J. R.; Scase, T. J.; Davis Poynter, N. J.; Nugent, J.; Creis, L.; Leaman, T. R., and Smith, K. C. Investigation and management of an outbreak of abortion related to equine herpesvirus type 1 in unvaccinated ponies. Veterinary Record. 2007; 160(11):378-380; ISSN: 0042-4900.

J. Herpes Virology

1. Bowles, D. E; Kim, S. K, and O'Callaghan, D. J. Characterization

of the trans-activation properties of equine herpesvirus

1 EICP0 protein. Journal of Virology. 2000; 74(3):1200-1208;

ISSN: 0022-538X. Full

text.

2. Carvalho, R.; Oliveira, A. M; Souza, A. M; Passos,

L. M, and Martins, A. S. Prevalence of equine herpesvirus

type 1 latency detected by polymerase chain reaction. Archives

of Virology. 2000; 145(9):1773-1787; ISSN: 0304-8608. Abstract.

3. Carvalho, R.; Passos, L. M, and Martins, A. S. Development

of a differential multiplex PCR assay for equine herpesvirus

1 and 4 as a diagnostic tool. Journal of Veterinary Medicine.

B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health. 2000

; 47(5):351-359; ISSN: 0931-1793. Abstract.

4. Chesters, P. M; Hughes, A., and Edington, N. Equid

herpesvirus 1: platelets and alveolar macrophages are potential

sources of activated TGF-B1 in the horse. Veterinary Immunology

and Immunopathology. 2000; 75(1-2):71-79; ISSN: 0165-2427. Abstract.

5. Derbigny, W. A; Kim, S. K; Caughman, G. B, and O'Callaghan,

D. J. The EICP22 protein of equine herpesvirus 1 physically

interacts with the immediate-early protein and with itself

to form dimers and higher-order complexes. Journal of Virology.

2000; 74(3):1425-1435; ISSN: 0022-538X. Full

text.

6. Grapes, M. and O'Hare, P. Differences in determinants

required for complex formation and transactivation in related

VP16 proteins. Journal of Virology. 2000; 74(21):10112-10121;

ISSN: 0022-538X. Full

text.

7. Koen, M. T; Walker, C.; Wellington, J. E; Love, D.

N, and Whalley, J. M. Characterisation of IE and UL5 gene

products of equine herpesvirus 1 using DNA inoculation

of mice. Archives of Virology. 2000; 145(12):2677-2686;

ISSN: 0304-8608. Abstract.

8. Seyboldt, C. ; Granzow, H., and Osterrieder, N. Equine

herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) glycoprotein M: effect of deletions

of transmembrane domains. Virology. 2000; 278(2):477-489;

ISSN: 0042-6822. Abstract.

9. Galosi, C. M ; Vila Roza, M. V; Oliva, G. A; Pecoraro,

M. R ; Echeverria, M. G; Corva, S., and Etcheverrigaray,

M. E. A polymerase chain reaction for detection of equine

herpesvirus-1 in routine diagnostic submissions of tissues

from aborted foetuses. Journal of Veterinary Medicine.

B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health. 2001;

48(5):341-346; ISSN: 0931-1793. Abstract.

10. Iqbal, J.; Purewal, A. S, and Edington, N. EHV-1 gene63

is not essential for in vivo replication in horses and

mice, nor does it affect reactivation in the horse: short

communication. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica. 2001; 49(4):473-478;

ISSN: 0236-6290. Abstract.

11. Jang, H. K; Albrecht, R. A; Buczynski, K. A; Kim,

S. K; Derbigny, W. A, and O'Callaghan, D. J. Mapping the

sequences that mediate interaction of the equine herpesvirus

1 immediate-early protein and human TFIIB. Journal of Virology.

2001; 75(21):10219-10230; ISSN: 0022-538X. Full

text.

12. Kim, S. K; Buczynski, K. A; Caughman, G. B, and O'Callaghan,

D. J. The equine herpesvirus 1 immediate-early protein

interacts with EAP, a nucleolar-ribosomal protein. Virology.

2001; 279(1):173-184; ISSN: 0042-6822. Abstract.

13. Kim, S. K and O'Callaghan, D. J. Molecular characterizations

of the equine herpesvirus 1 ETIF promoter region and translation

initiation site. Virology. 2001; 286(1):237-247; ISSN:

0042-6822. Abstract.

14. Oettler, D.; Kaaden, O. R, and Neubauer, A. The equine

herpesvirus 1 UL45 homolog encodes a glycosylated type

II transmembrane protein and is involved in virus egress.

Virology. 2001; 279(1):302-312; ISSN: 0042-6822. Abstract.

15. Osterrieder, N.; Seyboldt, C., and Elbers, K. Deletion

of gene 52 encoding glycoprotein M of equine herpesvirus

type 1 strain RacH results in increased immunogenicity.

Veterinary Microbiology. 2001; 81(3):219-226; ISSN: 0378-1135. Abstract.

16. Ruitenberg, K. M; Gilkerson, J. R; Wellington, J.

E; Love, D. N, and Whalley, J. M. Equine herpesvirus 1

glycoprotein D expressed in Pichia pastoris is hyperglycosylated

and elicits a protective immune response in the mouse model

of EHV-1 disease. Virus Research. 2001; 79( 1-2):125-135;

ISSN: 0168-1702. Abstract.

17. Smith, D.; Hamblin, A., and Edington, N. Infection

of endothelial cells with equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1)

occurs where there is activation of putative adhesion molecules:

a mechanism for transfer of virus. Equine Veterinary Journal.

2001; 33(2):138-142; ISSN: 0425-1644. Abstract.

18. van der Meulen, K. M; Nauwynck, H. J, and Pensaert,

M. B. Mitogen stimulation favours replication of equine

herpesvirus-1 in equine blood mononuclear cells by inducing

cell proliferation and formation of close intercellular

contacts. Journal of General Virology. 2001; 82(Pt 8):1951-1957;

ISSN: 0022-1317. Full

text.

19. Derbigny, W. A; Kim, S. K; Jang, H. K, and O'Callaghan,

D. J. EHV-1 EICP22 protein sequences that mediate its physical

interaction with the immediate-early protein are not sufficient

to enhance the trans-activation activity of the IE protein.

Virus Research. 2002; 84(1-2):1-15; ISSN: 0168-1702. Abstract.

20. Huang Ja, J. A; Ficorilli, N.; Hartley, C. A; Allen,

G. P, and Studdert, M. J. Polymorphism of open reading

frame 71 of equine herpesvirus-4 (EHV-4) and EHV-1. Journal

of General Virology. 2002; 83( Pt 3):525-531; ISSN: 0022-1317. Full

text.

21. Iqbal, J. and Edington, N. Equid herpesvirus 1 is

neurotropic in mice, but latency from which infectious

virus can be reactivated does not occur. Acta Veterinaria

Hungarica. 2002; 50(1):117-129; ISSN: 0236-6290. Abstract.

22. Neubauer, A. ; Rudolph, J.; Brandmuller, C.; Just,

F. T, and Osterrieder, N. The equine herpesvirus 1 UL34

gene product is involved in an early step in virus egress

and can be efficiently replaced by a UL34-GFP fusion protein.

Virology. 2002; 300(2):189-204; ISSN: 0042-6822. Abstract.

23. Rudolph, J.; O'Callaghan, D. J, and Osterrieder, N.

Cloning of the genomes of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1)

strains KyA and racL11 as bacterial artificial chromosomes

(BAC). Journal of Veterinary Medicine. B, Infectious Diseases

and Veterinary Public Health. 2002 ; 49(1):31-36; ISSN:

0931-1793. Abstract.

24. Rudolph, J. and Osterrieder, N. Equine herpesvirus

type 1 devoid of gM and gp2 is severely impaired in virus

egress but not direct cell-to-cell spread. Virology. 2002;

293(2):356-367; ISSN: 0042-6822. Abstract.

25. Rudolph, J.; Seyboldt, C.; Granzow, H., and Osterrieder,

N. The gene 10 (UL49.5) product of equine herpesvirus 1

is necessary and sufficient for functional processing of

glycoprotein M. Journal of Virology. 2002; 76(6):2952-2963;

ISSN: 0022-538X. Full

text.

26. Smith, D.; Hamblin, A., and Edington, N. Equid herpesvirus

1 infection of endothelial cells requires activation of

putative adhesion molecules: an in vitro model. Clinical

and Experimental Immunology. 2002; 129(2):281-287; ISSN:

0009-9104. Abstract.

27. van der Meulen, K. M; Nauwynck, H. J, and Pensaert,

M. B. Increased susceptibility of peripheral blood mononuclear

cells to equine herpes virus type 1 infection upon mitogen

stimulation: a role of the cell cycle and of cell-to-cell

transmission of the virus. Veterinary Microbiology. 2002;

86(1-2):157-163; ISSN: 0378-1135. Abstract.

28. Bryant, N. A; Davis Poynter, N.; Vanderplasschen,

A., and Alcami, A. Glycoprotein G isoforms from some alphaherpesviruses

function as broad-spectrum chemokine binding proteins.

EMBO Journal. 2003; 22(4):833-846; ISSN: 0261-4189. Abstract.

29. Kim, S. K; Jang, H. K; Albrecht, R. A; Derbigny,

W. A; Zhang, Y., and O'Callaghan, D. J. Interaction of

the equine herpesvirus 1 EICP0 protein with the immediate-early

(IE) protein, TFIIB, and TBP may mediate the antagonism

between the IE and EICP0 proteins. Journal of Virology.

2003; 77(4):2675-2685; ISSN: 0022-538X. Full

text.

30. Kirisawa, R. ; Kobayashi, T.; Uematsu, R.; Ikeda,

A.; Kuroiwa, R.; Urakami, A., and Iwai, H. Growth of recombinant

equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) replaced with passage-induced

mutant gene 1 and gene 71 derived from an attenuated EHV-1

in cell cultures and in the lungs of mice. Veterinary Microbiology.

2003; 95(3):159-174; ISSN: 0378-1135. Abstract.

31. Patel, J. R; Bateman, H.; Williams, J., and Didlick,

S. Derivation and characterisation of a live equid herpes

virus-1 (EHV-1) vaccine to protect against abortion and

respiratory disease due to EHV-1. Veterinary Microbiology.

2003; 91(1):23-39; ISSN: 0378-1135. Abstract.

32. Schimmer, C. and Neubauer, A. The equine herpesvirus

1 UL11 gene product localizes to the trans-golgi network

and is involved in cell-to-cell spread. Virology. 2003;

308(1):23-36; ISSN: 0042-6822. Abstract.

33. Szeredi, L.; Palfi, V., and Molnar, T. Comparison

of methods for the diagnosis of equine herpesvirus type

1 infection. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica. 2003; 51(2):153-163;

ISSN: 0236-6290. Abstract.

34. van der Meulen, K. M; Nauwynck, H. J, and Pensaert,

M. B. Absence of viral antigens on the surface of equine

herpesvirus-1-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells:

a strategy to avoid complement-mediated lysis. Journal

of General Virology. 2003; 84(Pt 1):93-97; ISSN: 0022-1317. Full

text.

35. Yao, H.; Osterrieder, N., and O'Callaghan, D. J. Generation

and characterization of an EICP0 null mutant of equine

herpesvirus 1. Virus Research. 2003; 98(2):163-172; ISSN:

0168-1702. Abstract.

36. Albrecht, R. A; Kim, S. K; Zhang, Y.; Zhao, Y., and

O'Callaghan, D. J. The equine herpesvirus 1 EICP27 protein

enhances gene expression via an interaction with TATA box-binding

protein. Virology. 2004; 324(2):311-326; ISSN: 0042-6822. Abstract.

37. Ambagala, A. P; Gopinath, R. S, and Srikumaran, S.

Peptide transport activity of the transporter associated

with antigen processing (TAP) is inhibited by an early

protein of equine herpesvirus-1. Journal of General Virology.

2004; 85(Pt 2):349-353; ISSN: 0022-1317. Full

text.

38. Chvala, S.; Nowotny, N.; Kotzab, E.; Cain, M., and

van den Hoven, R. Use of the meridian test for the detection

of equine herpesvirus type 1 infection in horses with decreased

performance. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical

Association. 2004; 225(4):554-559; ISSN: 0003-1488. Abstract.

39. Ibrahim, el S. M.; Pagmajav, O.; Yamaguchi, T.; Matsumura,

T., and Fukushi, H. Growth and virulence alterations of

equine herpesvirus 1 by insertion of a green fluorescent

protein gene in the intergenic region between ORFs 62 and

63. Microbiology and Immunology. 2004; 48(11):831-842;

ISSN: 0385-5600. Full

text.

40. Kim, S. K; Albrecht, R. A, and O'Callaghan, D. J.

A negative regulatory element (base pairs -204 to -177)

of the EICP0 promoter of equine herpesvirus 1 abolishes

the EICP0 protein's trans-activation of its own promoter.

Journal of Virology. 2004; 78(21):11696-11706; ISSN: 0022-538X. Full

text.

41. von Einem, J.; Wellington, J.; Whalley, J. M; Osterrieder,

K.; O'Callaghan, D. J, and Osterrieder, N. The truncated

form of glycoprotein gp2 of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1)

vaccine strain KyA is not functionally equivalent to full-length

gp2 encoded by EHV-1 wild-type strain RacL11. Journal of

Virology. 2004; 78( 6):3003-3013; ISSN: 0022-538X. Full

text.

42. Albrecht, R. A; Kim, S. K, and O'Callaghan, D. J.

The EICP27 protein of equine herpesvirus 1 is recruited

to viral promoters by its interaction with the immediate-early

protein. Virology. 2005; 333(1):74-87; ISSN: 0042-6822. Abstract.

43. Breathnach, C. C; Soboll, G.; Suresh, M., and Lunn,

D. P. Equine herpesvirus-1 infection induces IFN-gamma

production by equine T lymphocyte subsets. Veterinary Immunology

and Immunopathology. 2005; 103(3-4):207-215; ISSN: 0165-2427. Abstract.

44. Buczynski, K. A.; Kim, S. K., and O' Callaghan, D. J. Initial characterization of 17 viruses harboring mutant forms of the immediate-early gene of equine herpesvirus 1. Virus Genes. 2005; 31(2):229-239; ISSN: 0920-8569. Abstract.

45. Foote, C. E; Love, D. N; Gilkerson, J. R; Rota,

J.; Trevor Jones, P.; Ruitenberg, K. M; Wellington, J.

E, and Whalley, J. M. Serum antibody responses to equine

herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein D in horses, pregnant mares

and young foals. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology.

2005; 105(1-2):47-57; ISSN: 0165-2427. Abstract.

46. Frampton, A. R. Jr; Goins, W. F.; Cohen, J. B.; von Einem, J.; Osterrieder, N.; O'Callaghan, D. J., and Glorioso, J. C. Equine herpesvirus 1 utilizes a novel herpesvirus entry receptor. Journal of Virology. 2005; 79(5):3169-3173; ISSN: 0022-538X. Full text (pdf).

47. Gupta, A. K.; Kaur, D.; Rattan, B., and Yadav, M. P. Molecular variability in different Indian isolates of equine herpesvirus-1. Veterinary Research Communications. 2005; 29(8):721-734; ISSN: 0165-7380. Abstract.

48. Hartley, C. A; Wilks, C. R; Studdert, M. J, and Gilkerson,

J. R. Comparison of antibody detection assays for the diagnosis

of equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 infections in horses. American

Journal of Veterinary Research. 2005; 66(5):921-928; ISSN:

0002-9645. Abstract.

49. Huang, J.; Hartley, C. A.; Ficorilli, N. P.; Crabb, B. S., and Studdert, M. J. Glycoprotein G deletion mutants of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1; equine abortion virus) and EHV4 (equine rhinopneumonitis virus). Archives of Virology. 2005; 150(12):2583-2592; ISSN: 0304-8608. Abstract.

50. Pagamjav, O. ; Sakata, T.; Matsumura, T.; Yamaguchi,

T., and Fukushi, H. Natural recombinant between equine

herpesviruses 1 and 4 in the ICP4 gene. Microbiology and

Immunology. 2005; 49(2):167-179; ISSN: 0385-5600. Full

text.

51. Paillot, R.; Daly, J. M; Juillard, V.; Minke, J. M;

Hannant, D., and Kydd, J. H. Equine interferon gamma synthesis

in lymphocytes after in vivo infection and in vitro stimulation

with EHV-1. Vaccine. 2005; 23(36):4541-4551; ISSN: 0264-410X. Abstract.

52. Smith, K. Equine herpesviruses 1 and 4: creeping to

a solution. Veterinary Journal. 2005; 170(1):6-7; ISSN:

1090-0233.

53. Borchers, K.; Bottner, D.; Lieckfeldt, D.; Ludwig, A.; Frolich, K.; Klingeborn, B.; Widen, F.; Allen, G., and Ludwig, H. Characterization of equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) related viruses from captive Grevy's zebra and blackbuck. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 2006; 68(7):757-760; ISSN: 0916-7250. Full text (pdf).

54. Chiam, R.; Smid, L.; Kydd, J. H.; Smith, K. C.; Platt, A., and Davis Poynter, N. J. Use of polarised equine endothelial cell cultures and an in vitro thrombosis model for potential characterisation of EHV-1 strain variation. Veterinary Microbiology. 2006; 113(3-4):243-249; ISSN: 0378-1135. Abstract.

55. Ebner, P. D. and O'Callaghan, D. J. Genetic complexity of EHV-1 defective interfering particles and identification of novel IR4/UL5 hybrid proteins produced during persistent infection. Virus Genes. 2006; 32(3):313-320; ISSN: 0920-8569. Abstract.

56. Field, H. J.; Biswas, S., and Mohammad, I. T. Herpesvirus latency and therapy--from a veterinary perspective. Antiviral Research. 2006; 71(2-3):127-133; ISSN: 0166-3542. Abstract.

57. Galosi, C. M.; Barbeito, C. G.; Martin Ocampos, G. P.; Martinez, J. P.; Ayala, M. A.; Corva, S. G.; Fuentealba, N. A, and Gimeno, E. J. An Argentine equine herpesvirus strain with special restriction patterns protect mice challenged with a pathogenic strain. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. B. Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health. 2006; 53(9):412-417; ISSN: 0931-1793. Abstract.

58. Guggemoos, S.; Just, F. T., and Neubauer, A. The equine herpesvirus 1 UL20 product interacts with glycoprotein K and promotes egress of mature particles. Journal of Virology. 2006; 80(1):95-107; ISSN: 0022-538X. Full text.

59. Hasebe, R.; Kimura, T.; Nakamura, K.; Ochiai, K.; Okazaki, K.; Wada, R., and Umemura, T. Differential susceptibility of equine and mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells to equine herpesvirus 1 infection. Archives of Virology. 2006; 151(4):775-786; ISSN: 0304-8608. Abstract.

60. Hussey, S. B.; Clark, R.; Lunn, K. F.; Breathnach, C.; Soboll, G.; Whalley, J. M., and Lunn, D. P. Detection and quantification of equine herpesvirus-1 viremia and nasal shedding by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2006; 18(4):335-342; ISSN: 1040-6387. Abstract.

61. Kydd, J. H.; Davis Poynter, N. J.; Birch, J.; Hannant, D.; Minke, J.; Audonnet, J. C.; Antczak, D. F., and Ellis, S. A. A molecular approach to the identification of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes within equine herpesvirus 1. Journal of General Virology. 2006; 87(9):2507-2515; ISSN: 0022-1317. Abstract.

62. Loregian, A.; Case, A.; Cancellotti, E.; Valente, C.; Marsden, H. S., and Palu, G. Cloning, expression, and functional characterization of the equine herpesvirus 1 DNA polymerase and its accessory subunit. Journal of Virology. 2006; 80(13):6247-6258; ISSN: 0022-538X. Full text.

63. Reilly, F. K. Questions applications and conclusions in equine herpesvirus study. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 2006; 67(11):1820; ISSN: 0002-9645.

64. Tsujimura, K.; Yamanaka, T.; Kondo, T.; Fukushi, H., and Matsumura, T. Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of equine herpesvirus type 1 mutants defective in either gI or gE gene in murine and hamster models. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 2006; 68(10):1029-1038; ISSN: 0916-7250. Full text (pdf).

65. van der Meulen, K.; Caij, B.; Pensaert, M., and Nauwynck, H. Absence of viral envelope proteins in equine herpesvirus 1-infected blood nomonuclear cells during cell-associated viremia. Veterinary Microbiology. 2006; 113(3-4):265-273; ISSN: 0378-1135. Abstract.

66. van der Meulen, K. M.; Favoreel, H. W.; Pensaert, M. B., and Nauwynck, H. J. Immune escape of equine herpesvirus 1 and other herpesviruses of veterinary importance. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2006; 111(1-2):31-40; ISSN: 0165-2427. Abstract.

67. von Einem, J.; Schumacher, D.; O'Callaghan, D. J., and Osterrieder, N. The alpha-TIF (VP16) homologue (ETIF) of equine herpesvirus 1 is essential for secondary envelopment and virus egress. Journal of Virology. 2006; 80(6):2609-2620; ISSN: 0022-538X. Full text.

68. Ibrahim, E. S; Kinoh, M.; Matsumura, T.; Kennedy, M.; Allen, G. P.; Yamaguchi, T., and Fukushi, H. Genetic relatedness and pathogenicity of equine herpesvirus 1 isolated from onager, zebra and gazelle. Archives of Virology. 2007; 152(2):245-255; ISSN: 0304-8608. Abstract.

Maxwell H.Gluck Equine Research Center

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Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0099

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